Class Phaser
- java.lang.Object
-
- java.util.concurrent.Phaser
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public class Phaser extends Object
A reusable synchronization barrier, similar in functionality toCyclicBarrier
andCountDownLatch
but supporting more flexible usage.Registration. Unlike the case for other barriers, the number of parties registered to synchronize on a phaser may vary over time. Tasks may be registered at any time (using methods
register()
,bulkRegister(int)
, or forms of constructors establishing initial numbers of parties), and optionally deregistered upon any arrival (usingarriveAndDeregister()
). As is the case with most basic synchronization constructs, registration and deregistration affect only internal counts; they do not establish any further internal bookkeeping, so tasks cannot query whether they are registered. (However, you can introduce such bookkeeping by subclassing this class.)Synchronization. Like a
CyclicBarrier
, aPhaser
may be repeatedly awaited. MethodarriveAndAwaitAdvance()
has effect analogous toCyclicBarrier.await
. Each generation of a phaser has an associated phase number. The phase number starts at zero, and advances when all parties arrive at the phaser, wrapping around to zero after reachingInteger.MAX_VALUE
. The use of phase numbers enables independent control of actions upon arrival at a phaser and upon awaiting others, via two kinds of methods that may be invoked by any registered party:- Arrival. Methods
arrive()
andarriveAndDeregister()
record arrival. These methods do not block, but return an associated arrival phase number; that is, the phase number of the phaser to which the arrival applied. When the final party for a given phase arrives, an optional action is performed and the phase advances. These actions are performed by the party triggering a phase advance, and are arranged by overriding methodonAdvance(int, int)
, which also controls termination. Overriding this method is similar to, but more flexible than, providing a barrier action to aCyclicBarrier
. - Waiting. Method
awaitAdvance(int)
requires an argument indicating an arrival phase number, and returns when the phaser advances to (or is already at) a different phase. Unlike similar constructions usingCyclicBarrier
, methodawaitAdvance
continues to wait even if the waiting thread is interrupted. Interruptible and timeout versions are also available, but exceptions encountered while tasks wait interruptibly or with timeout do not change the state of the phaser. If necessary, you can perform any associated recovery within handlers of those exceptions, often after invokingforceTermination
. Phasers may also be used by tasks executing in aForkJoinPool
, which will ensure sufficient parallelism to execute tasks when others are blocked waiting for a phase to advance.
Termination. A phaser may enter a termination state, that may be checked using method
isTerminated()
. Upon termination, all synchronization methods immediately return without waiting for advance, as indicated by a negative return value. Similarly, attempts to register upon termination have no effect. Termination is triggered when an invocation ofonAdvance
returnstrue
. The default implementation returnstrue
if a deregistration has caused the number of registered parties to become zero. As illustrated below, when phasers control actions with a fixed number of iterations, it is often convenient to override this method to cause termination when the current phase number reaches a threshold. MethodforceTermination()
is also available to abruptly release waiting threads and allow them to terminate.Tiering. Phasers may be tiered (i.e., constructed in tree structures) to reduce contention. Phasers with large numbers of parties that would otherwise experience heavy synchronization contention costs may instead be set up so that groups of sub-phasers share a common parent. This may greatly increase throughput even though it incurs greater per-operation overhead.
In a tree of tiered phasers, registration and deregistration of child phasers with their parent are managed automatically. Whenever the number of registered parties of a child phaser becomes non-zero (as established in the
Phaser(Phaser,int)
constructor,register()
, orbulkRegister(int)
), the child phaser is registered with its parent. Whenever the number of registered parties becomes zero as the result of an invocation ofarriveAndDeregister()
, the child phaser is deregistered from its parent.Monitoring. While synchronization methods may be invoked only by registered parties, the current state of a phaser may be monitored by any caller. At any given moment there are
getRegisteredParties()
parties in total, of whichgetArrivedParties()
have arrived at the current phase (getPhase()
). When the remaining (getUnarrivedParties()
) parties arrive, the phase advances. The values returned by these methods may reflect transient states and so are not in general useful for synchronization control. MethodtoString()
returns snapshots of these state queries in a form convenient for informal monitoring.Sample usages:
A
Phaser
may be used instead of aCountDownLatch
to control a one-shot action serving a variable number of parties. The typical idiom is for the method setting this up to first register, then start the actions, then deregister, as in:void runTasks(List<Runnable> tasks) { final Phaser phaser = new Phaser(1); // "1" to register self // create and start threads for (final Runnable task : tasks) { phaser.register(); new Thread() { public void run() { phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance(); // await all creation task.run(); } }.start(); } // allow threads to start and deregister self phaser.arriveAndDeregister(); }
One way to cause a set of threads to repeatedly perform actions for a given number of iterations is to override
onAdvance
:void startTasks(List<Runnable> tasks, final int iterations) { final Phaser phaser = new Phaser() { protected boolean onAdvance(int phase, int registeredParties) { return phase >= iterations || registeredParties == 0; } }; phaser.register(); for (final Runnable task : tasks) { phaser.register(); new Thread() { public void run() { do { task.run(); phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance(); } while (!phaser.isTerminated()); } }.start(); } phaser.arriveAndDeregister(); // deregister self, don't wait }
// ... phaser.register(); while (!phaser.isTerminated()) phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance();
Related constructions may be used to await particular phase numbers in contexts where you are sure that the phase will never wrap around
Integer.MAX_VALUE
. For example:void awaitPhase(Phaser phaser, int phase) { int p = phaser.register(); // assumes caller not already registered while (p < phase) { if (phaser.isTerminated()) // ... deal with unexpected termination else p = phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance(); } phaser.arriveAndDeregister(); }
To create a set of
n
tasks using a tree of phasers, you could use code of the following form, assuming a Task class with a constructor accepting aPhaser
that it registers with upon construction. After invocation ofbuild(new Task[n], 0, n, new Phaser())
, these tasks could then be started, for example by submitting to a pool:void build(Task[] tasks, int lo, int hi, Phaser ph) { if (hi - lo > TASKS_PER_PHASER) { for (int i = lo; i < hi; i += TASKS_PER_PHASER) { int j = Math.min(i + TASKS_PER_PHASER, hi); build(tasks, i, j, new Phaser(ph)); } } else { for (int i = lo; i < hi; ++i) tasks[i] = new Task(ph); // assumes new Task(ph) performs ph.register() } }
TASKS_PER_PHASER
depends mainly on expected synchronization rates. A value as low as four may be appropriate for extremely small per-phase task bodies (thus high rates), or up to hundreds for extremely large ones.Implementation notes: This implementation restricts the maximum number of parties to 65535. Attempts to register additional parties result in
IllegalStateException
. However, you can and should create tiered phasers to accommodate arbitrarily large sets of participants.- Since:
- 1.7
- Arrival. Methods
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Constructor Summary
Constructors Constructor and Description Phaser()
Creates a new phaser with no initially registered parties, no parent, and initial phase number 0.Phaser(int parties)
Creates a new phaser with the given number of registered unarrived parties, no parent, and initial phase number 0.Phaser(Phaser parent)
Equivalent toPhaser(parent, 0)
.Phaser(Phaser parent, int parties)
Creates a new phaser with the given parent and number of registered unarrived parties.
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Method Summary
All Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods Modifier and Type Method and Description int
arrive()
Arrives at this phaser, without waiting for others to arrive.int
arriveAndAwaitAdvance()
Arrives at this phaser and awaits others.int
arriveAndDeregister()
Arrives at this phaser and deregisters from it without waiting for others to arrive.int
awaitAdvance(int phase)
Awaits the phase of this phaser to advance from the given phase value, returning immediately if the current phase is not equal to the given phase value or this phaser is terminated.int
awaitAdvanceInterruptibly(int phase)
Awaits the phase of this phaser to advance from the given phase value, throwingInterruptedException
if interrupted while waiting, or returning immediately if the current phase is not equal to the given phase value or this phaser is terminated.int
awaitAdvanceInterruptibly(int phase, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
Awaits the phase of this phaser to advance from the given phase value or the given timeout to elapse, throwingInterruptedException
if interrupted while waiting, or returning immediately if the current phase is not equal to the given phase value or this phaser is terminated.int
bulkRegister(int parties)
Adds the given number of new unarrived parties to this phaser.void
forceTermination()
Forces this phaser to enter termination state.int
getArrivedParties()
Returns the number of registered parties that have arrived at the current phase of this phaser.Phaser
getParent()
Returns the parent of this phaser, ornull
if none.int
getPhase()
Returns the current phase number.int
getRegisteredParties()
Returns the number of parties registered at this phaser.Phaser
getRoot()
Returns the root ancestor of this phaser, which is the same as this phaser if it has no parent.int
getUnarrivedParties()
Returns the number of registered parties that have not yet arrived at the current phase of this phaser.boolean
isTerminated()
Returnstrue
if this phaser has been terminated.protected boolean
onAdvance(int phase, int registeredParties)
Overridable method to perform an action upon impending phase advance, and to control termination.int
register()
Adds a new unarrived party to this phaser.String
toString()
Returns a string identifying this phaser, as well as its state.
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Constructor Detail
Phaser
public Phaser()
Creates a new phaser with no initially registered parties, no parent, and initial phase number 0. Any thread using this phaser will need to first register for it.
Phaser
public Phaser(int parties)
Creates a new phaser with the given number of registered unarrived parties, no parent, and initial phase number 0.- Parameters:
-
parties
- the number of parties required to advance to the next phase - Throws:
-
IllegalArgumentException
- if parties less than zero or greater than the maximum number of parties supported
Phaser
public Phaser(Phaser parent)
Equivalent toPhaser(parent, 0)
.- Parameters:
-
parent
- the parent phaser
Phaser
public Phaser(Phaser parent, int parties)
Creates a new phaser with the given parent and number of registered unarrived parties. When the given parent is non-null and the given number of parties is greater than zero, this child phaser is registered with its parent.- Parameters:
-
parent
- the parent phaser -
parties
- the number of parties required to advance to the next phase - Throws:
-
IllegalArgumentException
- if parties less than zero or greater than the maximum number of parties supported
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Method Detail
register
public int register()
Adds a new unarrived party to this phaser. If an ongoing invocation ofonAdvance(int, int)
is in progress, this method may await its completion before returning. If this phaser has a parent, and this phaser previously had no registered parties, this child phaser is also registered with its parent. If this phaser is terminated, the attempt to register has no effect, and a negative value is returned.- Returns:
- the arrival phase number to which this registration applied. If this value is negative, then this phaser has terminated, in which case registration has no effect.
- Throws:
-
IllegalStateException
- if attempting to register more than the maximum supported number of parties
bulkRegister
public int bulkRegister(int parties)
Adds the given number of new unarrived parties to this phaser. If an ongoing invocation ofonAdvance(int, int)
is in progress, this method may await its completion before returning. If this phaser has a parent, and the given number of parties is greater than zero, and this phaser previously had no registered parties, this child phaser is also registered with its parent. If this phaser is terminated, the attempt to register has no effect, and a negative value is returned.- Parameters:
-
parties
- the number of additional parties required to advance to the next phase - Returns:
- the arrival phase number to which this registration applied. If this value is negative, then this phaser has terminated, in which case registration has no effect.
- Throws:
-
IllegalStateException
- if attempting to register more than the maximum supported number of parties -
IllegalArgumentException
- ifparties < 0
arrive
public int arrive()
Arrives at this phaser, without waiting for others to arrive.It is a usage error for an unregistered party to invoke this method. However, this error may result in an
IllegalStateException
only upon some subsequent operation on this phaser, if ever.- Returns:
- the arrival phase number, or a negative value if terminated
- Throws:
-
IllegalStateException
- if not terminated and the number of unarrived parties would become negative
arriveAndDeregister
public int arriveAndDeregister()
Arrives at this phaser and deregisters from it without waiting for others to arrive. Deregistration reduces the number of parties required to advance in future phases. If this phaser has a parent, and deregistration causes this phaser to have zero parties, this phaser is also deregistered from its parent.It is a usage error for an unregistered party to invoke this method. However, this error may result in an
IllegalStateException
only upon some subsequent operation on this phaser, if ever.- Returns:
- the arrival phase number, or a negative value if terminated
- Throws:
-
IllegalStateException
- if not terminated and the number of registered or unarrived parties would become negative
arriveAndAwaitAdvance
public int arriveAndAwaitAdvance()
Arrives at this phaser and awaits others. Equivalent in effect toawaitAdvance(arrive())
. If you need to await with interruption or timeout, you can arrange this with an analogous construction using one of the other forms of theawaitAdvance
method. If instead you need to deregister upon arrival, useawaitAdvance(arriveAndDeregister())
.It is a usage error for an unregistered party to invoke this method. However, this error may result in an
IllegalStateException
only upon some subsequent operation on this phaser, if ever.- Returns:
- the arrival phase number, or the (negative) current phase if terminated
- Throws:
-
IllegalStateException
- if not terminated and the number of unarrived parties would become negative
awaitAdvance
public int awaitAdvance(int phase)
Awaits the phase of this phaser to advance from the given phase value, returning immediately if the current phase is not equal to the given phase value or this phaser is terminated.- Parameters:
-
phase
- an arrival phase number, or negative value if terminated; this argument is normally the value returned by a previous call toarrive
orarriveAndDeregister
. - Returns:
- the next arrival phase number, or the argument if it is negative, or the (negative) current phase if terminated
awaitAdvanceInterruptibly
public int awaitAdvanceInterruptibly(int phase) throws InterruptedException
Awaits the phase of this phaser to advance from the given phase value, throwingInterruptedException
if interrupted while waiting, or returning immediately if the current phase is not equal to the given phase value or this phaser is terminated.- Parameters:
-
phase
- an arrival phase number, or negative value if terminated; this argument is normally the value returned by a previous call toarrive
orarriveAndDeregister
. - Returns:
- the next arrival phase number, or the argument if it is negative, or the (negative) current phase if terminated
- Throws:
-
InterruptedException
- if thread interrupted while waiting
awaitAdvanceInterruptibly
public int awaitAdvanceInterruptibly(int phase, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException
Awaits the phase of this phaser to advance from the given phase value or the given timeout to elapse, throwingInterruptedException
if interrupted while waiting, or returning immediately if the current phase is not equal to the given phase value or this phaser is terminated.- Parameters:
-
phase
- an arrival phase number, or negative value if terminated; this argument is normally the value returned by a previous call toarrive
orarriveAndDeregister
. -
timeout
- how long to wait before giving up, in units ofunit
-
unit
- aTimeUnit
determining how to interpret thetimeout
parameter - Returns:
- the next arrival phase number, or the argument if it is negative, or the (negative) current phase if terminated
- Throws:
-
InterruptedException
- if thread interrupted while waiting -
TimeoutException
- if timed out while waiting
forceTermination
public void forceTermination()
Forces this phaser to enter termination state. Counts of registered parties are unaffected. If this phaser is a member of a tiered set of phasers, then all of the phasers in the set are terminated. If this phaser is already terminated, this method has no effect. This method may be useful for coordinating recovery after one or more tasks encounter unexpected exceptions.
getPhase
public final int getPhase()
Returns the current phase number. The maximum phase number isInteger.MAX_VALUE
, after which it restarts at zero. Upon termination, the phase number is negative, in which case the prevailing phase prior to termination may be obtained viagetPhase() + Integer.MIN_VALUE
.- Returns:
- the phase number, or a negative value if terminated
getRegisteredParties
public int getRegisteredParties()
Returns the number of parties registered at this phaser.- Returns:
- the number of parties
getArrivedParties
public int getArrivedParties()
Returns the number of registered parties that have arrived at the current phase of this phaser. If this phaser has terminated, the returned value is meaningless and arbitrary.- Returns:
- the number of arrived parties
getUnarrivedParties
public int getUnarrivedParties()
Returns the number of registered parties that have not yet arrived at the current phase of this phaser. If this phaser has terminated, the returned value is meaningless and arbitrary.- Returns:
- the number of unarrived parties
getParent
public Phaser getParent()
Returns the parent of this phaser, ornull
if none.- Returns:
-
the parent of this phaser, or
null
if none
getRoot
public Phaser getRoot()
Returns the root ancestor of this phaser, which is the same as this phaser if it has no parent.- Returns:
- the root ancestor of this phaser
isTerminated
public boolean isTerminated()
Returnstrue
if this phaser has been terminated.- Returns:
-
true
if this phaser has been terminated
onAdvance
protected boolean onAdvance(int phase, int registeredParties)
Overridable method to perform an action upon impending phase advance, and to control termination. This method is invoked upon arrival of the party advancing this phaser (when all other waiting parties are dormant). If this method returnstrue
, this phaser will be set to a final termination state upon advance, and subsequent calls toisTerminated()
will return true. Any (unchecked) Exception or Error thrown by an invocation of this method is propagated to the party attempting to advance this phaser, in which case no advance occurs.The arguments to this method provide the state of the phaser prevailing for the current transition. The effects of invoking arrival, registration, and waiting methods on this phaser from within
onAdvance
are unspecified and should not be relied on.If this phaser is a member of a tiered set of phasers, then
onAdvance
is invoked only for its root phaser on each advance.To support the most common use cases, the default implementation of this method returns
true
when the number of registered parties has become zero as the result of a party invokingarriveAndDeregister
. You can disable this behavior, thus enabling continuation upon future registrations, by overriding this method to always returnfalse
:Phaser phaser = new Phaser() { protected boolean onAdvance(int phase, int parties) { return false; } }
- Parameters:
-
phase
- the current phase number on entry to this method, before this phaser is advanced -
registeredParties
- the current number of registered parties - Returns:
-
true
if this phaser should terminate
toString
public String toString()
Returns a string identifying this phaser, as well as its state. The state, in brackets, includes the String"phase = "
followed by the phase number,"parties = "
followed by the number of registered parties, and"arrived = "
followed by the number of arrived parties.
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